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Allergic reactions

Definition

Allergic reactions are sensitivities to substances, called allergens, that are contacted through the skin, inhaled into the lungs, swallowed, or injected.

Causes

Common allergens include:

• Animal dander
• Bee stings or stings from other insects
• Foods, especially nuts, fish, and shellfish
• Insect bites
• Medications
• Plants
• Pollens

Symptoms

Common symptoms of a mild allergic reaction include:

• Hives (especially over the neck and face)
• Itching
• Nasal congestion
• Rashes
• Watery, red eyes

Symptoms of a moderate or severe reaction include:

• Cramps or pain in the abdomen
• Chest discomfort or tightness
• Diarrhea
• Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty swallowing
• Dizziness or lightheadedness
• Fear or feeling of apprehension or anxiety
• Flushing or redness of the face
• Nausea and vomiting
• Swelling of the face, eyes, or tongue
• Weakness
• Wheezing
• Unconsciousness

Prevention

• Avoid triggers such as foods and medications that have caused an allergic reaction, even a mild one, in the past. This includes asking detailed questions about ingredients when you are eating away from home. Also carefully examine ingredient labels.
• If you have a child who is allergic to certain foods, introduce one new food at a time in small amounts so you can recognize an allergic reaction.
• People who know that they have had serious allergic reactions should wear a medical ID tag.
• If you have a history of serious allergic reactions, carry emergency medications (such as diphenhydramine and injectable epinephrine or a bee sting kit) according to your health care provider’s instructions.
• Do not use your injectable epinephrine on anyone else. They may have a condition (such as a heart problem) that could be negatively affected by this drug.