Aseptic meningitis
Definition
Aseptic meningitis is an illness that appears similar to bacterial meningitis; however, bacteria do not grow in cultures of the fluid around the brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid).
See also:
- Meningitis
- Meningitis - cryptococcal
- Meningitis - gram-negative
- Meningitis - H. influenzae
- Meningitis - meningococcal
- Meningitis - pneumococcal
- Meningitis - staphylococcal
- Meningitis - tuberculous
Causes
There are many causes of aseptic meningitis, including:
- Infections near the brain or spinal cord, such as epidural abscesses
- Fungi
- Mycobacteria
- Some cancers (cause a syndrome similar to meningitis)
- Some medications (such as antibiotics and over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications)
- Tick-borne diseases (such as Lyme disease)
- Tuberculosis
- Viruses
About half of aseptic meningitis cases are caused by the coxsackie virus and echovirus, two members the enterovirus family. The rate of enteroviral infections increases in the summer and early fall. Enteroviruses are spread by hand-to-mouth contact and coughing. They also may be spread by contact with fecal matter.
Other viruses that cause this condition include:
- Chickenpox (varicella virus)
- Other enteroviruses
- Herpes viruses, both type 1 (herpes simplex or herpes labialis) and type 2 (genital herpes)
- HIV (especially acute HIV syndrome)
- Mumps
- Rabies virus
- West Nile virus
Risk factors for aseptic meningitis include:
- Being a health care worker
- Having a suppressed immune system
- Exposure to children in a day care setting
- Exposure to someone with a recent viral infection
Symptoms
- Abdominal pain
- Abnormal sensitivity to light (photophobia)
- Chills
- Confusion
- Drowsiness
- Fever
- General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise)
- Headache
- Muscle pain
- Nausea and vomiting
- Rash
- Sore throat
- Stiff neck
Treatment
Treatment is needed for fungal or mycobacterial causes of aseptic meningitis. Herpesvirus or varicella (chicken pox) virus may be treated with antiviral medicines. Treatment for non-infectious causes consists of pain medications and management of complications, if they occur.
No specific treatment is available for enteroviral aseptic meningitis.
Prognosis
Aseptic meningitis caused by a virus is usually a harmless disease. People usually recover fully 5 - 14 days after symptoms start.
Fatigue and light-headedness may last longer in some people.
Prevention
To reduce the risk of developing an infection that can become meningitis:
- Get vaccinated (against mumps or chickenpox, for example)
- Practice good hand washing
- Practice other general good health measures